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Fuoco di Sant’ Antonio- Herpes Zoster

 
 

 

 

Introduzione

 

Ogni anno in Italia oltre centosessantasettemila persone si ammalano diherpes zoster,più comunemente conosciuto come fuoco di Sant’Antonio. E’ una malattia molto dolorosa, provocata dalvirusdella varicella, che può lasciare strascichi anche per anni. L’herpes zosterè una malattia provocata dalla riattivazione dello stessovirusche causa lavaricella.Chi ha avuto la varicella da bambino mantiene questo virus  in uno deigangli nervosi del midollo spinale.


SINTOMI

 

Il fuoco di Sant’Antonio provoca lesioni della pelle simili a quelli della varicella, in particolarevescicolepiene di liquido,arrossamenti,fortissimobruciore e pruritoche si localizzano generalmente sul lato del corpo seguendo il percorso di un nervo. Le aree colpite sono prevalentemente la zona deltorace, ma può comparire anche in altre zone innervate: sull’addome, suifianchiin corrispondenza del nervo sciatico. Quando è interessato il nervo trigemino il fuoco di Sant’Antonio può comparire al livello delvolto, sullabocca,sullalinguao sull’occhiocon dolori estremamente forti. Colpisce di frequente le persone che hanno superato i 50 anni o in quelle con malattie del sistema immunitario, in quelli sottoposti a terapie che danneggiano temporaneamente i meccanismi di difesa contro le infezioni ma la malattia si può manifestare anche in persone sane che, per fattori transitori come lostress,si indeboliscono e diventano temporaneamente suscettibili di ammalarsi. La stanchezza fisica e quella psicologica possono determinare un calo delledifese immunitariequindi il corpo è più vulnerabile all’azione di batteri e di virus, compreso quello della varicella.

 

COME ALLEVIARE I SINTOMI

 

Evitare digrattarsie di toccare troppo la parte arrossata della pelle dove vi sono le vesciche per evitare unasovrainfezione batterica.Può dare sollievo applicare i panni puliti freddi cambiandoli spesso e evitare di indossare tessuti che riscaldino troppo la zona, come la lana o i materiali sintetici, preferendo invece il cotone.

 

TRASMISSIONE



 

Le vescicole, fino a quando non diventano croste, e questo accade in un periodo che può andare dai 6-10 giorni, sono contagiose. Il fuoco di Sant’Antonio non è come la varicella che si trasmette per via aerea mediante le goccioline respiratorie ma per contatto attraverso illiquido contenuto nelle vescicole.Per tale motivo valgono alcune accortezze come non utilizzare gli stessi asciugamani della persona malata o la stessa biancheria.

 

 

TERAPIA

Somministrazionefarmaci antiviraliper ridurre la diffusione della malattia ma, purtroppo, non esiste una terapia risolutiva. In attesa che il fuoco di Sant’Antonio guarisca da solo il paziente deve assumere medicinali antidolorifici molto potenti . La malattia ha l’andamento tipico della varicella, quindi generalmente dopo una decina di giorni da un punto di vista dermatologico si avvia il processo di guarigione. Se, però, la manifestazione dermatologica guarisce completamente, la nevralgiapost-erpetica, dunque il dolore, il prurito e il bruciore, si puòcronicizzaree permanere a lungo,  mesi,  anni o addirittura per sempre, secondo il nervo interessato.

 

 

VACCINAZIONE



 

Esiste la possibilità di scegliere, su consiglio del medico,  tra duevaccinientrambi molto efficaci e da utilizzare da 50 anni in su.  Va somministrato una volta soltanto nella vita attraverso un’ iniezione intramuscolare o sottocutanea ed è in grado di inibire la riattivazione del virus riducendo di oltre50% il rischiodi ammalarsi e di oltre il65% di casidi nevralgia post-erpetica. Il piano Nazionale prevenzione vaccinale prevede entro il 2018 l’introduzione della vaccinazione gratuita per chi ha compiuto i 65 anni e per chi è affetto da malattie croniche comediabete,malattie cardiovascolari. Chiunque voglia vaccinarsi può, sentito il parere del medico, acquistare il vaccino in farmacia a un prezzo che varia generalmente 120-150  euro.

 

 

PREVENZIONE






 

Purtroppo non esiste una forma di prevenzione. ma poiché, il virus della varicella si presenta quando il paziente subisce un calo delle difese immunitarie e dunque ilfisico è indebolito, come può capitare in seguito alla malattia o a un periodo di fortestress,è possibile fornire al corpo alcune sostanze nutritive in grado di potenziare le difese immunitarie.Le vitamine, i sali mineralicontenuti nellafrutta e nella verdura frescasono importanti. Inoltre possono essere molto utili iprobiotici,microrganismi vivi immunostimolanti, contenuti per esempio negli yogurt oppure disponibili in farmacia come farmaci da banco, in grado di stimolare la risposta immunitaria del corpo. se consumati ogni giorno sono particolarmente efficaci poichè rendono il corpo più resistente alle aggressioni divirus e batteri.









Morbillo: sintomi.diagnosi,complicanze



 




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