LES e nefrite lupica
Table of Contents

Definizione
La nefrite lupica è una gomerulonefrite causata dal lupus eritematoso sistemico (LES). Il LES è una vasculite causata da un’ abnorme produzione di autoanticorpi, che colpisce frequentemente i reni con un interessamento più o meno grave.
Epidemiologia
Il LES colpisce prevalentemente il sesso femminile nelle prime quattro decadi della vita rispetto a quello maschile. E’ più frequente e grave nella razza nera che in quella asiatica rispetto alla razza bianca. Non è infrequente riscontrare la malattia in più membri di una famiglia, che possono presentare altre malattie immunologiche o alterazioni sierologiche o citologiche. La frequenza della nefrite lupica varia nelle diverse casistiche a seconda dei criteri impiegati; tuttavia se per interessamento renale si intende la presenza di abnorme proteinuria, sedimento urinario e alterata funzione renale, la frequenza della nefrite lupica oscilla tra il 35% e il 75% dei pazienti con LES. Il polimorfismo clinico del LES non permette una correlazione tra gravità delle manifestazioni ed extrarenali; pertanto si possono riscontrare casi con lieve danno renale e notevole interessamento degli altri organi e viceversa.
Eziopatogenesi
Il LES è un disordine del sistema immunitario dovuto a diversi fattori:
- Razziali (è più colpita la razza nera e quella asiatica)
- Ormonali (ormoni estrogeni, per cui è raro nell’età prepuberale)
- Genetici (deficit di alcune componenti del complemento con il C2 e il C4)
- Ambientali (farmaci, EBV, raggi ultravioletti).
I fattori genetici sono stati ipotizzati nei casi che si sono manifestati in diversi componenti della stessa famiglia o in gemelli omozigoti. Il LES neonatale è stato osservato in neonati madri con genotipo HLA-DR3.
Sintomatologia
Le manifestazioni cliniche del Les sono analoghe in entrambi i sessi, mentre differiscono tra razza bianca e quella nera. La malattia essendo sistemica, interessa diversi organi come:cute, articolazioni, sierose (pleura e pericardio), cuore, polmoni, apparato gastroenterico, sangue e sistema nervoso centrale. Pertanto questo ampio coinvolgimento dell’organismo è responsabile del poliedrico quadro sintomatologico. La malattia esordisce spesso con manifestazioni generali quali:
- Febbre irregolare
- Artrite
- Eritema cutaneo al volto con il classico aspetto a farfalla.
Tuttavia in una percentuale non trascurabile di casi (5-20% )la glomerulonefrite può rappresentare la manifestazione clinica iniziale della malattia lupica che può rimanere isolata per anni prima che si sviluppino altri segni biologici e clinici extrarenali della malattia. Nelle fasi iniziali le manifestazioni cliniche, che possono precedere l’insorgenza della nefrite lupica, sono molteplici e strettamente correlati agli organi colpiti dalla vasculite. Pertanto, oltre alla febbre e alle manifestazioni cutanee articolari, si possono osservare:
- Pleurite
- Pericardite
- Ascite
- Endocardite
- Emòftoe
- Linfoadenopatie
- Anemia
- Piastrinopenia
- Fenomeno di Raynaud
- Subittero sclerale per per alterata funzione epatica
- Manifestazioni neurologiche che vanno dal formicolio e dalle parestesia alla grave sintomatologia dell’encefalite.
La nefrite lupica può esordire clinicamente con diverse modalità. Il paziente può presentare anomalie urinarie quali microematuria (80% dei casi) con cilindri eritrocitari e proteinuria asintomatica. Nel 40% dei casi la sindrome d’esordio è quella nefrosica ma in altri pazienti (30%) si può osservare una sindrome nefritica. Nel (60-80%) dei pazienti con nefrite lupica può essere presente un’alterata funzione tubulare caratterizzata da acidosi tubulare ipercaliemica.
Classificazione
La Società Internazionale di Nefrologia ha adottato una classificazione delle lesioni renali nel LES che permettono l’individuazione di 6 classi.
- Classe I: glomerulonefrite mesangiale minima. Tutti i glomeruli appaiono normali alla microscopia ottica ma nel l’immunofluorescenza si possono osservare depositi immuni a livello mesangiale.
- Classe II: glomerulonefrite proliferativa mesangiale. E’caratterizzata da ipercellularità mesangiale e da depositi immuni.
- Classe III: glomerulonefrite proliferativa focale. Coinvolge meno del 50% dei glomeruli colpiti. I glomeruli colpiti mostrano di solito lesioni proliferative endocapillari segmentali o lesioni glomerulari sclerotiche inattive. Alterazioni mesangiali focali o diffuse possono accompagnare le lesioni glomerulari focali.
- Classe IV: glomerulonefrite proliferativa diffusa.Coinvolge oltre il 50% dei glomeruli. Nei glomeruli affetti, le lesioni possono essere segmentali o globali.
- Classe V: glomerulonefrite membranosa. Depositi immuni subepiteliali continui granulari, focali segmentali,e spesso anche con depositi immuni mesangiali.
- Classe VI: rappresenta lo stadio tardivo della nefrite lupica e caratterizza quelle biopsie con oltre il 90% di glomerulosclerosi globale.
Nella nefrite lupica si possono osservare altre lesioni istologiche come quelli interstiziali, vascolari e la trombosi glomerulare focale segmentaria.
Diagnosi
La diagnosi di lupus eritematoso sistemico è semplice nella gran parte dei casi; tuttavia, in molti pazienti è facile riscontrare una sintomatologia che orienta verso altre patologie autoimmuni come le connettiviti miste, l’artrite reumatoide, la porpora di Shöenlein-Henoch o le vasculiti. In questi casi la diagnostica di laboratorio è specifica per ciascuna di queste malattie e la presenza degli anticorpi anti dsDNA, specifici per il lupus, permettono di orientare la diagnosi. Inoltre la presenza di bassi livelli di C4 e C1q che sono più ridotti del C3 depone per l’attivazione della via classica, come si osserva nella nefrite lupica.
Complicanze
Le infezioni (sepsi e meningite piogenica) e l’insufficienza renale, se non adeguatamente curate per tempo, possono ridurre notevolmente la sopravvivenza del paziente. Un’altra complicanza molto pericolosa è l’infarto miocardico, la cui frequenza è 10 volte maggiore nel paziente con LES rispetto alla popolazione di controllo. L’aterosclerosi, che ne è responsabile, è accelerata dall’ipertensione, dalla sindrome nefrosica, dalla dislipidemia, dall’insufficienza renale e dalla terapia corticosteroidea. Un’altra complicanza è l’insorgenza di neoplasie, legate probabilmente alla prolungata terapia immunosoppressiva.
Prognosi
I fattori clinici che influenzano il decorso clinico della malattia sono rappresentati da:
- Età di insorgenza della malattia (se è maggiore di 55 anni)
- Insorgenza nell’infanzia
- Razza nera
- Elevati livelli sierici di creatinina
- Ipertensione
Dal punto di vista istologico estesi depositi sottoendoteliali,infiltrati tubulo-interstiziali e lesioni vascolari influenzano il decorso clinico. L’anuria, la trombocitopenia, ipocomplementemia e gli elevati livelli sierici di anticorpi anti dsDNA sono i dati di laboratorio che alterano il decorso della malattia.
Nefrite lupica, pubblicate le linee guida ACR
Sono appena state pubblicate online su Arthritis Care and Research le linee guida dell’American College of Rheumatology (ACR) sulla gestione dei pazienti con nefrite lupica, nelle quali è contenuto un algoritmo dettagliato per il trattamento dei pazienti con malattia di gravità moderata (classe III e IV). Per questi pazienti, il trattamento dovrebbe iniziare di norma con ciclofosfamide o micofenolato mofetile, considerati equivalenti in base a studi recenti di qualità elevata, una metanalisi e l’opinione di esperti.Le raccomandazioni (stilate da un comitato di 24 autori, coordinati da Bevra Hahn, della University of California Los Angeles) sono le prime messe a punto dall’ACR per affrontare nello specifico il problema della nefrite lupica. In precedenza, infatti, le indicazioni per la gestione dei pazienti con questa condizione erano incluse nelle linee guida generali sul lupus eritematoso sistemico (LES).Nell’introduzione, gli autori spiegano che negli Stati Uniti, circa un terzo degli adulti con LES (Continua)
Articoli correlati:
- Gomerulonefrite membranoproliferativa
- Glomerulonefrite membranosa
- Glomerulosclerosi focale e segmentaria
- Sindrome nefrosica: cause, sintomi, terapia
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