Niacina: cos’è e in quali alimenti è contenuta
Table of Contents
Definizione
La niacina (vitamina pp o B3) non può essere considerata una vitamina in senso stretto poiché l’organismo è in grado di sintetizzarla a partire dal triptofano. Tuttavia, la trasformazione del triptofano in niacina è relativamente poco efficiente (60 mg di triptofano sono necessari per ottenere 1 mg di niacina) e si verifica solo dopo che il triptofano è stato utilizzato in tutte le altre funzioni metaboliche. Poiché la biosintesi della niacina richiede la partecipazione di piridossina, riboflavina e ferro, essa risulta insufficiente in una dieta non bilanciata. La niacina assunta con la dieta (acido nicotinico) e la niacinammide vengono entrambe trasformate nell’organismo nei più importanti coenzimi delle reazioni di ossido-riduzione, il NAD è il NADP.
Carenza di niacina
Le carenze di niacina si manifestano sotto forma di glossite in parte simili a quella che si accompagnano alla carenza di riboflavina, mentre gli stati carenziali più gravi causano la pellagra, sindrome caratterizzata dalle tre D: dermatite, diarrea e demenza.
- La dermatite si manifesta in modo simmetrico e solo nelle aree cutanee esposte alla luce solare.
- I sintomi neurologici sono associati ad una effettiva degenerazione del sistema nervoso.
Grazie anche alla pratica di fortificare gli alimenti con niacina, la pellagra al giorno d’oggi, nei paesi sviluppati, è rara e sua incidenza è limitata agli alcolisti, ai pazienti con gravi problemi di malassorbimento e alle persone anziane sottoposte a una dieta molto ristretta. Situazioni come gravidanza, allattamento, malattie croniche che determinano un maggiore fabbisogno di tale vitamina, ma una dieta varia è generalmente in grado di assicurarne un apporto sufficiente. Le principali fonti di niacina sono la carne, le arachidi, i legumi e cereali arricchiti di questa sostanza.
Effetti collaterali
I principali effetti collaterali della terapia con niacina sono gli arrossamenti della pelle, iperuricemia e un aumento delle attività degli enzimi epatici. L’arrossamento della pelle può essere evitato utilizzando niacinnamide o preparazioni di acido nicotinico a lento rilascio, ma un attento monitoraggio è richiesto nei pazienti che soffrono di alterazioni epatiche.
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