Taenia solium o verme solitario
Table of Contents
Definizione
La teniasi è l’infestazione dell’uomo da Taenia solium la cui larva si trova nella carne di maiale. Nel caso di T. saginata l’ospite intermedio è costituito da bovini.
Eziologia
- La forma adulta di “Taenia solium” vive nell’intestino dell’uomo che è il solo ospite definitivo; si trova generalmente un solo verme da cui il nome di verme solitario, che misura 3-5 metri di lunghezza; possiede uno scolice globoso con un rostro apicale di una ventina di uncini, da dove il nome di “tenia armata”.
- Le uova sono eliminate nelle feci con gli ultimi anelli; questi si decompongono nel terreno e le uova sono ingerite dal maiale (ospite intermedio); si trasformano in larve o cisticerchie che si fissano nei muscoli striati; queste infestazioni del maiale costituiscono la cisticercosi. I cisticerchi sono di un bianco grigiastro, opalescente, hanno circa 1 cm di diametro e contengono uno scolice invaginato.
- L”uomo è infestato con l’ingestione di carne di maiale che contiene i cisticerchi.
Epidemiologia
La Tenia solium è diventata rara nei paesi industrializzati per merito del controllo veterinario della carne. L’affezione è ancora diffusa in numerosi paesi in via di sviluppo dove si mangia carne di maiale cruda o insufficientemente cotta.
Sintomi
La teniasi è spesso asintomatica o presenta sintomi generici ai quali viene data scarsa importanza. Il soggetto affetto da teniasi presenta una fame considerevole e ingerisce grosse quantità di cibo. La Taenia assorbe circa il 5% del cibo ingerito, in particolare vitamine, questo porta il soggetto a dimagrire e accusare stanchezza e debolezza.
Altri sintomi sono: dolori addominali, nausea, alternanza di stipsi e diarrea.
Esami di laboratorio
La messa in evidenza delle uova nelle feci non permette di distinguere la Taenia solium dalla Taenia saginata perchè bisogna poter esaminare un anello o lo scolice.
Prevenzione
Il controllo veterinario e la cottura sufficiente della carne di maiale è la terapia immediata per prevenire la cisticercosi umana.
Trattamento
Farmaci: mebendazolo od altri principi attivi contro i platelminti. I farmaci staccando la testa del parassita dalla parete dell’intestino dell’ospite, favoriscono l’allontanamento dello stesso tramite l’evacuazione.
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