vitamina B1 (tiamina)
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Vitamina B1 ( tiamina)
Che cos’è la vitamina B1?
La vitamina B1 (tiamina) fa parte delle vitamine cosiddette idrosolubili, è il coenzima di diversi sistemi enzimatici indispensabili per il metabolismo dei glucidi. Il fabbisogno giornaliero di vitamina B1 negli adulti è valutato in circa 1-1,5 mg al giorno: in particolare si ritiene che per le donne siano sufficienti 0,9 mg giornalieri, mentre per gli uomini il fabbisogno quotidiano è pari a circa a 1,2 mg. Il fabbisogno aumenta proporzionalmente il consumo di glucidi. Il lattante richiede 0,7 mg/die, fabbisogno soddisfatto dal latte materno.
In quali alimenti è presente la vitamina B1?
Le fonti più abbondanti di vitamina B1 o tiamina sono i cereali integrali, la carne (specialmente di maiale), le noci,le uova, il lievito e i legumi. Negli alimenti la tiamina si trova principalmente sotto forma di tiamina pirofosfato.
Carenza di vitamina B1
Beriberi è il nome indonesiano dato alla malattia risultante dalla carenza di vitamina B1. Essa colpisce generalmente le popolazioni orientali la cui nutrizione è a base di riso brillato, cioè privo della cuticola. I sintomi coinvolgono principalmente il sistema cardiaco e nervoso. Nella cosiddetta forma secca il beriberi si manifesta con polineurite periferica (ischialgia e brachialgia). Il beriberi cosiddetto “umido”, oltre che da polineurite è caratterizzato da edemi diffusi e insufficienza circolatoria. L’alcolismo predispone alla carenza di tiamina,sia perchè l’etanolo ne altera l’assorbimento intestinale, sia perchè le lesioni epatiche che ne conseguono compromettono la conversione della tiamina nel suo coenzima. La sindrome di Wernicke-Korsakoff è una malattia degenerativa del sistema nervoso legata a una carenza di tiamina e che determina demenza. Il trattamento consiste nella somministrazione di tiamina per via endovenosa che può correggere l’encefalopatia di Wernicke, anche se la guarigione è spesso incompleta se il trattamento non è iniziato tempestivamente.
Trattamento
Il trattamento, una volta confermata la diagnosi, prevede la somministrazione di tiamina supplementare, l’assunzione di 300 mg – 600 mg di tiamina al giorno in differenti somministrazioni. Nei casi meno gravi invece 100 mg di vitamina B1 al giorno sono sufficienti a ristabilire il giusto equilibrio.
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