Allergie d’inverno: come riconoscerle e prevenirle
Table of Contents
Allergia solo in primavera?
Si è abituati a pensare che le allergie siano un problema di salute tipico della primavera, quando fioriscono le piante e pollini si liberano nell’aria. Tuttavia molti pazienti soffrono di forme allergiche, spesso senza saperlo perché pensano che si tratti di raffreddori di origine virale. L’aumento delle allergie nelle stagioni fredde si spiega per la presenza nell’ambiente di casa di allergeni, sostanze che causano allergia. Spesso non sono riconosciuti, ma si concentrano nelle abitazioni perché si tende a tenere le finestre chiuse per non far entrare aria fredda. Quindi il problema delle allergie non scompare nemmeno nel periodo freddo e, in presenza di sintomi sospetti, si consiglia di sottoporsi ad accertamenti utili.
Perché in inverno si soffre di allergie?
Perché le allergie possono avere anche cause diverse rispetto alle sostanze contenute nel polline delle piante. Si tratta di allergie che non hanno un andamento stagionale e quindi sono definite perenni, perché i pazienti ne soffrono per tutto l’anno, anche se non sempre con la stessa intensità.
Da cosa sono provocate le allergie in inverno?
Sono provocate dagli acari della polvere, una muffa chiamata alternaria, le cui spore sono molto leggere e quindi rimangono sospese nell’aria come avviene per i pollini, e il pelo degli animali domestici come cani e gatti.
Quanto agli acari della polvere in inverno resistono nell’ambiente soltanto pochissimi esemplari. Quindi l’uso dei prodotti insetticidi per eliminarli è inutile. Inoltre, inutile tentare di disinfettare l’ambiente dagli acari perché questo non elimina il rischio di allergia. Infatti essa non si sviluppa nei confronti dell’acaro vivo
ma è scatenata dalle minuscole particelle di acaro disperse nell’ambiente. Proprio in inverno, quindi, per coloro che soffrono di allergie gli ambienti domestici sono i meno salubri.
Perché nelle case si hanno più crisi allergiche in inverno?
Perché, a causa delle condizioni climatiche, spesso si tengono le finestre chiuse. Questo impedisce un ricambio d’aria, sempre opportuno, e si determina così una maggiore concentrazione di quelle sostanze, chiamate allergeni, che provocano il disturbo.
Per prevenire le allergie invernali dagli acari
della polvere e dal pelo degli animali cosa si consiglia?
Si consiglia di aprire le finestre, l’ideale è eseguire un ricambio d’aria quotidiano per almeno un’ora. L’aria deve essere ricambiata, perché quella che ristagna in un ambiente casalingo, chiuso da infissi pressoché ermetici, alla lunga può essere più nociva dell’atmosfera esterna, che, pur subendo una mescolanza con molti agenti inquinanti, non è concentrata in uno spazio volumetricamente limitato, così come in casa.
L’aspirapolvere elimina gli acari della polvere?
Se l’aspirapolvere non è dotata di filtri antiacaro
realmente efficaci, diffonde nell’aria frammenti
di acaro e peggiora la situazione.
E’ consigliabile l’uso di aspirapolvere ad acqua?
Sono elettrodomestici che catturano la polvere
nell’acqua, evitando che le piccole particelle
di polvere e di acari siano rilasciate nell’ambiente.
La biancheria da letto a quale temperatura va lavata?
Per rendere inattivi gli allergeni contenuti negli
negli acari della polvere, la biancheria da letto
va lavata ad una temperatura compresa tra i
cinquanta e i sessanta gradi. E’ la temperatura
in grado di distruggere gli allergeni.
E’ nocivo esporre le lenzuola e le coperte al sole?
Al contrario, l’azione del sole contribuisce a rendere
inattive le sostanze che scatenano l’allergia.Quindi
se c’è una giornata di sole è bene approfittarne
per arieggiare non solo le stanze ma anche la biancheria.
Il fumo di sigaretta peggiora i sintomi nei
pazienti allergici?
Il fumo irrita le mucose e pertanto aggiunge un ulteriore
fattore di infiammazione che peggiora il problema.
L’inquinamento cittadino peggiora la situazione?
L’inquinamento da polveri sottili, che nei mesi
freddi è una costante nell’aria di città , determina
uno stato infiammatorio che peggiora l’andamento
delle allergie.
Come si fa a distinguere il raffreddore provocato
dal virus da quello causato con allergia invernale?
In genere il raffreddore causato da virus provoca un lieve rialzo febbrile ed è accompagnata da mal di gola. Questo non si verifica in caso di allergia. Avere più raffreddori nel corso della stagione fredda può essere indicativo di uno stato di infiammazione permanente causato proprio dell’allergia, che favorisce l’aggressione da parte del virus.
Quindi i due problemi si possono anche presentare insieme.
In generale a tutti coloro che durante la stagione fredda hanno spesso il naso chiuso, starnutiscono frequentemente e accusano bruciore agli occhi si consiglia di sottoporsi a dei controlli per verificare se sono allergici.
Quali controlli bisogna fare per accertare se d’inverno è presente l’allergia in paziento che accusano questi sintomi?
Gli esami sono due.
Quello della pelle, si pratica
sul braccio e
sulla schiena del paziente e consiste nel mettere sulla pelle, una gocciolina di un liquido contenente l’allergene, cioè la sostanza nei confronti della quale si potrebbe essere allergici. Quindi si pratica un piccolo graffio sulla pelle con una sorta di piccolo ago,
in modo che il liquido penetri nella parte più interna di essa.
Se prude, significa che siamo in presenza di un’ allergia.
L’altro esame che permette di verificare la presenza di
allergie si chiama RAST e consiste in un prelievo sanguigno.
In laboratorio vengono poi cercate le sostanze prodotte
dal nostro corpo che testimoniano la risposta allergica.
I risultati di questi esami devono essere interpretati
dall’allergologo per fornire una cura mirata sulle esigenze specifiche del paziente.
Esiste una cura unica per le allergie invernali?
In generale le cure per l’allergia di qualsiasi genere, comprese quelle invernali, sono mirate ad eliminare lo stato infiammatorio,
e a questo scopo si prescrivono farmaci antistaminici e cortisonici. Di solito vengono prescritti cortisonici sotto forma di spray da nebulizzare nel naso o da inalare con aerosol piuttosto che quelli assunti per bocca, al fine di ridurre al minimo gli effetti collaterali.
Inoltre è consigliato seguire una terapia di desensibilizzazione, cioè vaccino contemporaneamente alla terapia antinfiammatoria, appena si hanno le prime manifestazioni allergiche
E’ utile vaccinare i pazienti pazienti allergici
d’inverno anche se i disturbi sono lievi?
Perché è più facile curare l’allergia al suo esordio, più lieve sarà il disturbo, più facile sarà eliminarlo. Inoltre è stato accertato che il paziente allergico non trattato tende a sviluppare anche altre allergie.
Peggiorando così la qualità della propria vita.
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