Alimentazione e stile di vita nell’ipertensione
Table of Contents
L’ipertensione considerata un “killer silenzioso”rappresenta un gravissimo fattore di rischio per le malattiecardiovascolari e l’ictus. Per questi motivi si raccomanda di affrontarla tempestivamente
e di intraprendere la terapia giusta su parere del medico.
Obiettivo
L'obiettivo primario del trattamento delpaziente ipertesoè quello di ottenere la massima riduzione del rischio di mortalità e morbilità cardiovascolare a lungo termine. Questo obiettivo richiede il trattamento di tutti fattori di rischio identificabili e reversibili, che comprendono ilfumo, la dislipidemia, obesità addominale o il diabete.Un trattamento appropriato delle condizioni cliniche associate, nonché il trattamento degli elevati valori pressori.
Prevenzione
La maggior parte dei casi di ipertensione può essere dovuta ad uno stile di vita non corretto e sarebbe opportuno rispettare alcune regole basilari:
- Abolizione del fumo: il fumo fa aumentare la pressione arteriosa e la frequenza cardiaca.
- Calo ponderare:le persone in sovrappeso: in quanto esiste una relazione diretta tra l’incremento ponderale e quello pressorio.
- Riduzione dell’eccessivo consumo alcolico:un consumo lieve o moderato di bevande alcoliche si associa ad una minore mortalità, mentre un consumo alcolico rilevante comporta una maggiore mortalità.
- Esercizio fisico:è consigliabile effettuare un esercizio fisico moderato, di tipo dinamico aerobico per 35-45 minuti al giorno( camminata, jogging, nuoto). L’esercizio isometrico intenso, quale quello indotto da sollevamento pesi, può avere un effetto pressorio e dovrebbe conseguentemente essere sconsigliato. Nei pazienti che non mostrano un buon controllo pressorio si dovrebbe evitare l'esercizio fisico o proporlo solo quando sia stato istituito un trattamento farmacologico adeguato.
- Riduzione del consumo di sodio nella dieta:consiste nella riduzione dell’apporto giornaliero di sale a meno di 5g/die.
- Incremento dell’apporto di frutta e verdura e la riduzione della quantità totale di grassi nell’alimentazione ed in particolare di grassi saturi (dieta ricca frutta e verdura, vegetali). L’aggiunta di alte dosi di acidi grassi polinsaturi omega-3 (il comune olio di pesce) nella dieta può i valori pressori dei soggetti ipertesi. Conclusioni: mangiare Più frutta e verdura 4-5 porzioni o 300 g di verdura al giorno, più pesce, e ridurre l’apporto di grassi saturi, di colesterolo e di sale.
- Monitorare la pressione: attraverso automisurazioni ed effettuare periodici controlli medici.
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