Diarrea del viaggiatore: che cos’è e come si cura
Table of Contents
Definizione
Ladiarrea del viaggiatoreè una sindrome dissenterica che colpisce i viaggiatori, in particolare in zona tropicale e subtropicale. Le persone che viaggiano in Asia, in Africa o in America Centrale o Meridionale vanno incontro nel 20- 50% dei casi, a diarrea. All’improvviso si manifestano crampi addominali, inappetenza e diarrea acquosa. La diarrea del viaggiatore, di solito, inizia a distanza di 3-5 giorni dall’arrivo, si associa all’ingestione diacqua e cibi contaminati, dura 1-5 giorni ed è, perlopiù, sostenuta daEscherichia colienterotossigeno e enteroaggregativa.
Qual è la causa della diarrea del viaggiatore?
Gli agenti infettivi sono le cause principali.
La diarrea del viaggiatore può essere causata da batteri, parassiti o virus.
Batteri:
- Escherichia coli(colibacillo) enterotossigeno: produce un’ enterotossina irritante la mucosa intestinale con conseguente diarrea; è considerata la causa più frequente della diarrea del viaggiatore; al contrario, la forma entero- invasiva del colibacillo è una causa rara.
- Shigella;
- Salmonella;
- Campylobacter;
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus;
- Aeromonas;
- Plesiomonas;
Protozoi:
- Giardia lamblia;
- Cryptosporidium parvum;
- Cyclospora cayetanensis;
- Entamoeba histolytica;
Virus:
- Il rotavirus svolge probabilmente un ruolo patogenetico nella teoria del viaggiatore;
- Calicivirus;
- Enterovirus.
Quali sono i sintomi della diarrea del viaggiatore?
La diarrea del viaggiatore insorge spesso durante la prima settimana del viaggio; si manifesta con:
- 4-5 scariche di feci molli o francamente liquide raramente con sangue;
- Dolori addominali;
- Il vomito si ha nel 5% dei casi; la febbre nel 10%;
- La malattia dura 3-5 giorni; solo nel 10% super una settimana.
- Sono possibili recidive nel corso del viaggio.
Prevenzione
Evitare il consumo di legumi, carne e frutti di mare crudi, frutta non sbucciata, acqua, ghiaccio, latte non pastorizzato; non comprare alimenti venduti per strada. Possono essere usate acqua bollita o disinfettata, the e caffè caldo, vino, birra, bibite in bottiglia o in scatola. Non è consigliabile la somministrazione preventiva di antibiotici.
Terapia
L’equilibrio idroelettroliticopuò essere mantenuto conbrodi salati, succhi di frutta e bibite zuccheratesenza caffeina. Nei casi gravi, soluzione per reidratazione orale o reidratazazione per via endovenosa.
Terapia antibiotica(quando è necessaria) negli adulti i farmaci di prima scelta sono ifluorochinoloni, nei bambini il cotrimoxazolo.
Se la terapia non è risolutiva dopo 2-3 giorni, è consigliato il trattamento antibiotico con unfluorochinolone(ciprofloxacina o norfloxacina).
Ti potrebbero interessare:
- Diarrea: cause e sintomi
- Shigellosi:infezione batterica che causa dissenteria
- Salmonellosi: sintomi , contagio, trattamento e prevenzione
- Giardiasi (Giardia lamblia)
Disclaimer
Le informazioni riportate sono da intendersi come indicazioni generiche e non sostituiscono in alcuna maniera il parere dello specialista.
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